The Overlooked Floppy Eyelid Syndrome: From Diagnosis to Medical and Surgical Management.
Anna ScarabosioPier Luigi SuricoLuca PatanèDamiano TambascoFrancesca KahaleMarco ZeppieriPier Camillo ParodiMarco CoassinAntonio Di ZazzoPublished in: Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) (2024)
Floppy Eyelid Syndrome (FES) is an underdiagnosed ocular condition characterized by the abnormal laxity of the upper eyelids, often leading to chronic eye irritation and redness. This review provides an in-depth examination of FES, covering its pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. We discuss the potential etiological factors, including genetic predispositions and associations with ocular and systemic conditions such as obesity, obstructive sleep apnea, keratoconus, and glaucoma. Diagnostic strategies are outlined, emphasizing the importance of thorough clinical examinations and specific tests for an efficacious grading and assessment of FES. Management of FES ranges from conservative medical treatments to surgical interventions for more severe cases and should be driven by a comprehensive and multidisciplinary approach. Herein, we illustrate the practical aspects of diagnosing and managing this condition. This comprehensive review aims to enhance the recognition and treatment of FES, ultimately improving the quality of life for affected patients.
Keyphrases
- obstructive sleep apnea
- end stage renal disease
- healthcare
- ejection fraction
- newly diagnosed
- metabolic syndrome
- type diabetes
- peritoneal dialysis
- optic nerve
- case report
- weight loss
- prognostic factors
- physical activity
- weight gain
- gene expression
- adipose tissue
- high fat diet induced
- quality improvement
- copy number
- risk assessment
- patient reported
- dna methylation
- skeletal muscle
- replacement therapy
- sleep apnea