Emerging Surface, Bulk, and Interface Engineering Strategies on BiVO 4 for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting.

The photoelectrochemical (PEC) cell that collects and stores abundant sunlight to hydrogen fuel promises a clean and renewable pathway for future energy needs and challenges. Monoclinic bismuth vanadate (BiVO 4 ), having an earth-abundancy, nontoxicity, suitable optical absorption, and an ideal n-type band position, has been in the limelight for decades. BiVO 4 is a potential photoanode candidate due to its favorable outstanding features like moderate bandgap, visible light activity, better chemical stability, and cost-effective synthesis methods. However, BiVO 4 suffers from rapid recombination of photogenerated charge carriers that have impeded further improvements of its PEC performances and stability. This review presents a close look at the emerging surface, bulk, and interface engineering strategies on BiVO 4 photoanode. First, an effective approach of surface functionalization via different cocatalysts to improve the surface kinetics of BiVO 4 is discussed. Second, state-of-the-art methodologies such as nanostructuring, defect engineering, and doping to further enhance light absorption and photogenerated charge transport in bulk BiVO 4 are reviewed. Third, interface engineering via heterostructuring to improve charge separation is introduced. Lastly, perspectives on the foremost challenges and some motivating outlooks to encourage the future research progress in this emerging frontier are offered.