Role of the adjacent stroma cells in prostate cancer development and progression: synergy between TGF-β and IGF signaling.
Chung LeeZhenyu JiaFarah RahmatpanahQiang ZhangXiaolin ZiMichael McClellandDan MercolaPublished in: BioMed research international (2014)
This review postulates the role of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) and insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I/IGF-II) signaling in stromal cells during prostate carcinogenesis and progression. It is known that stromal cells have a reciprocal relationship to the adjacent epithelial cells in the maintenance of structural and functional integrity of the prostate. An interaction between TGF-β and IGF signaling occupies a central part in this stromal-epithelial interaction. An increase in TGF-β and IGF signaling will set off the imbalance of this relationship and will lead to cancer development. A continuous input from TGF-β and IGF in the tumor microenvironment will result in cancer progression. Understanding of these events can help prevention, diagnosis, and therapy of prostate cancer.
Keyphrases
- transforming growth factor
- prostate cancer
- epithelial mesenchymal transition
- growth hormone
- pi k akt
- binding protein
- radical prostatectomy
- papillary thyroid
- signaling pathway
- bone marrow
- squamous cell
- oxidative stress
- squamous cell carcinoma
- benign prostatic hyperplasia
- mesenchymal stem cells
- lymph node metastasis
- childhood cancer