Pre-operative clinical predictors for cardiology referral prior to total joint arthroplasty: the 'asymptomatic' patient.

Increasing age, male gender, FHx of CVD and decreased ejection fraction are important risk factors to consider for pre-operative cardiac optimisation in THA and TKA patients. These findings can be applied towards future predictive models, to determine which asymptomatic patients are likely to benefit from pre-operative cardiac referral.