Revisiting the Pathophysiology of Intracranial Hemorrhage in Fetuses with Chiari II Malformation: Novel Imaging Biomarkers of Disease Severity?

The high prevalence of ICH-detected by fetal MRI-among fetuses with CM emphasizes the pathophysiologic importance of venous congestion, ICH, and vasogenic edema. As indicators of disease severity, these features may serve as helpful additional imaging biomarkers for the identification of potential candidates for fetal surgery.