Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor-containing medium treatment after thawing improves blastocyst-transfer outcomes in the frozen- thawed blastocyst-transfer cycle.

The use of a GM-CSF-containing medium for blastocyst-recovery culture improved the live birth rate as a result of increased implantation rate in the frozen-thawed blastocyst-transfer cycle. The use of GM-CSF-containing medium following blastocyst thawing could be an effective choice for improving the blastocyst-transfer outcomes.