The Mutual Relationship among Cardiovascular Diseases and COVID-19: Focus on Micronutrients Imbalance.
Paolo SeverinoAndrea D'AmatoSilvia ProsperiVincenzo MyftariAurora Labbro FranciaMerve ÖnkayaClaudia NotariIlaria PapiscaElena Sofia CanutiMia Yarden RevivoLucia Ilaria BirtoloPaola CelliGioacchino GalardoViviana MaestriniGabriella d'EttorreMassimo ManconeFrancesco FedelePublished in: Nutrients (2022)
Micronutrients are ions and vitamins humbly required by the human body. They play a main role in several physiological mechanisms and their imbalance is strongly associated with potentially-fatal complications. Micronutrient imbalance is associated with many cardiovascular diseases, such as arrythmias, heart failure, and ischemic heart disease. It has been also observed in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), particularly in most severe patients. The relationship between cardiovascular diseases and COVID-19 is mutual: the latter triggers cardiovascular disease onset and worsening while patients with previous cardiovascular disease may develop a more severe form of COVID-19. In addition to the well-known pathophysiological mechanisms binding COVID-19 and cardiovascular diseases together, increasing importance is being given to the impact of micronutrient alterations, often present during COVID-19 and able to affect the balance responsible for a good functioning of the cardiovascular system. In particular, hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, hyponatremia, and hypocalcemia are strongly associated with worse outcome, while vitamin A and D deficiency are associated with thromboembolic events in COVID-19. Thus, considering how frequent the cardiovascular involvement is in patients with COVID-19, and how it majorly affects their prognosis, this manuscript provides a comprehensive review on the role of micronutrient imbalance in the interconnection between COVID-19 and cardiovascular diseases.
Keyphrases
- coronavirus disease
- cardiovascular disease
- sars cov
- heart failure
- respiratory syndrome coronavirus
- cardiovascular risk factors
- type diabetes
- end stage renal disease
- endothelial cells
- atrial fibrillation
- ejection fraction
- chronic kidney disease
- left ventricular
- transcription factor
- acute heart failure
- coronary artery disease
- dna binding
- peritoneal dialysis
- cardiac resynchronization therapy