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Calendar time as an instrumental variable in assessing the risk of heart failure with antihyperglycemic drugs.

Mugdha N GokhaleJohn B BuseChristina DeFilippo MackMichele Jonsson FunkJennifer LundRoss J SimpsonTil Stürmer
Published in: Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety (2018)
Both approaches indicated lesser risk of HF hospitalizations among DPP-4i vs TZD initiators. The magnitude of the estimated effects may differ due to differences in the target populations and assumptions. Calendar time can be leveraged as an IV when market dynamics lead to profound changes in treatments.
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