An update of molecular pathology of bone tumors. Lessons learned from investigating samples by next generation sequencing.
Daniel BaumhoerM Fernanda AmaryAdrienne M FlanaganPublished in: Genes, chromosomes & cancer (2018)
The last decade has seen the majority of primary bone tumor subtypes become defined by molecular genetic alteration. Examples include giant cell tumour of bone (H3F3A p.G34W), chondroblastoma (H3F3B p.K36M), mesenchymal chondrosarcoma (HEY1-NCOA2), chondromyxoid fibroma (GRM1 rearrangements), aneurysmal bone cyst (USP6 rearrangements), osteoblastoma/osteoid osteoma (FOS/FOSB rearrangements), and synovial chondromatosis (FN1-ACVR2A and ACVR2A-FN1). All such alterations are mutually exclusive. Many of these have been translated into clinical service using immunohistochemistry or FISH. 60% of central chondrosarcoma is characterised by either isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) 1 or IDH2 mutations distinguishing them from other cartilaginous tumours. In contrast, recurrent alterations which are clinically helpful have not been found in high grade osteosarcoma. High throughput next generation sequencing has also proved valuable in identifying germ line alterations in a significant proportion of young patients with primary malignant bone tumors. These findings will play an increasing role in reaching a diagnosis and in patient management.
Keyphrases
- bone mineral density
- high grade
- high throughput
- soft tissue
- bone loss
- bone regeneration
- healthcare
- copy number
- magnetic resonance
- postmenopausal women
- mental health
- giant cell
- bone marrow
- body composition
- magnetic resonance imaging
- computed tomography
- case report
- gene expression
- single cell
- wild type
- circulating tumor
- middle aged
- genome wide
- circulating tumor cells
- embryonic stem cells