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Rural Residence and Poverty Are Independent Risk Factors for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in the United States.

Sarath RajuCorinne A KeetLaura M PaulinElizabeth C MatsuiRoger D PengNadia N HanselMeredith C McCormack
Published in: American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine (2020)
In a nationally representative sample, rural residence and poverty were risk factors for COPD, even among never-smokers. The use of coal for heating was also a risk factor for COPD among never-smokers. Future disparities research to elucidate contributors to COPD development in poor and rural areas, including assessments of heating sources and environmental pollutants, is needed.
Keyphrases
  • chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  • lung function
  • south africa
  • smoking cessation
  • heavy metals
  • cystic fibrosis
  • air pollution
  • current status
  • particulate matter
  • climate change