In this review, we consider theory and research focused on girls' and women's violence, with an emphasis on studies that inform long-running debates about whether uniquely gendered explanations are required to understand such behaviors. The review emphasizes potentially malleable social processes and influences, and studies that have explored neighborhood, family, and peer-based sources of risk. We also examine contemporary research on precursors of a specific type of aggression-intimate partner violence -where self-reports of perpetration have been found to be similar across gender, but research has consistently shown that the consequences are generally more serious for female victims. Our review draws on findings from analyses of large scale survey data as well as qualitative approaches that explore meanings and motivations. The results point to significant areas of overlap as well as some distinctive patterns by gender, support learning and intersectionality theories, and identify potentially fruitful areas for additional research.