A box on the river: The phylogenetics and phylogeography of Eucalyptus baueriana (Eucalyptus sect. Adnataria ser. Heterophloiae).

We present a phylogeographic study of the tree species Eucalyptus baueriana Schauer, which occurs in disjunct areas on the near coastal plains and ranges of the south-east Australian mainland. DArTseq data are used to build a phylogeny including E. baueriana and closely related taxa to test its monophyly, test the genetic distinctness of the three subspecies of E. baueriana, and investigate relationships between its disjunct populations. Additionally, we use population structure analysis to investigate the genetic distinctness of populations, and MaxEnt to investigate the environmental factors potentially influencing the species' distribution. We show E. baueriana is monophyletic and most closely related to three other Blue Box eucalypt species: E. conica H.Deane & Maiden, E. dalveenica T.L.Collins, R.L.Andrew & J.J.Bruhl and E. magnificata L.A.S.Johnson & K.D.Hill, with some evidence for genetic introgression between these taxa. Within E. baueriana, the deepest genetic breaks do not correspond with the subspecies classification as the two geographically restricted subspecies, together with samples of the more widespread E. baueriana subsp. baueriana from west of the Gippsland lowlands, form a south-western clade with that is sister to other populations of subsp. baueriana. The oldest genetic break in the species occurs in far eastern Gippsland (Victoria), corresponding to one of the shortest geographic disjunctions in the species' distribution. Genetic breaks in other species have been observed in this region which is broadly referred to as the southern transition zone. Both total annual rainfall and the seasonality of this rainfall are hypothesised to affect the species' distribution; gaps in its distribution are in areas of higher rainfall that support closed forest and in regions with more winter dominated rainfall.