Viral and Host Factors Regulating HIV-1 Envelope Protein Trafficking and Particle Incorporation.
Boris AnokhinPaul SpearmanPublished in: Viruses (2022)
The HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) is an essential structural component of the virus, serving as the receptor-binding protein and principal neutralizing determinant. Env trimers are incorporated into developing particles at the plasma membrane of infected cells. Incorporation of HIV-1 Env into particles in T cells and macrophages is regulated by the long Env cytoplasmic tail (CT) and the matrix region of Gag. The CT incorporates motifs that interact with cellular factors involved in endosomal trafficking. Env follows an unusual pathway to arrive at the site of particle assembly, first traversing the secretory pathway to the plasma membrane (PM), then undergoing endocytosis, followed by directed sorting to the site of particle assembly on the PM. Many aspects of Env trafficking remain to be defined, including the sequential events that occur following endocytosis, leading to productive recycling and particle incorporation. This review focuses on the host factors and pathways involved in Env trafficking, and discusses leading models of Env incorporation into particles.
Keyphrases
- antiretroviral therapy
- hiv positive
- hiv infected
- hiv testing
- human immunodeficiency virus
- binding protein
- hepatitis c virus
- hiv aids
- men who have sex with men
- computed tomography
- air pollution
- particulate matter
- induced apoptosis
- sars cov
- south africa
- magnetic resonance
- magnetic resonance imaging
- image quality
- risk assessment
- contrast enhanced
- dual energy
- signaling pathway
- amino acid