Structural and molecular determinants of mineralocorticoid receptor signaling.

During the past decades, the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) has evolved from a much-overlooked member of the steroid hormone receptor family to an important player, not only in volume and electrolyte homeostasis, but also in pathological changes occurring in an increasing number of tissues, especially the renal and cardiovascular systems. Simultaneously, a wealth of information about the structure, interaction partners and chromatin requirements for genomic signaling of steroid hormone receptors became available. However, much of the information for the MR has been deduced from studies of other family members and there is still a lack of knowledge about MR specific features in ligand binding, chromatin remodeling, co-factor interactions and general MR specificity-conferring mechanisms that can completely explain the differences in pathophysiological function between MR and its closest relative, the glucocorticoid receptor. This review aims to give an overview of the current knowledge of MR structure, signaling and co-factors modulating its activity.