IntelliSense Bio-Ionotronics Battery for Early Warning of Geological Seepage.

Water seepage-induced geological hazards (SIGHs), including landslides, collapse, debris flow, and ground fissures, often cause substantial human mortality, economic losses, and environmental damage. However, an early warning of geological water seepage remains a significant challenge. A self-powered, cost-effective, reliable, and susceptible SIGH early warning system (SIGH-EWS) is reported herein. This system designed the all-solid, sustainable, fire retardant, and safe-to-use bio-ionotronic batteries to provide a stable power supply for Internet of Things chipsets. Furthermore, the batteries' outstanding humidity and water sensitivity allow sensing of the water seepage emergence. Integrating energy management and wireless communication systems, the SIGH-EWS realizes timely alerts for early water seepage in different water and soil environments with a time resolution in seconds. Based on these merits, the SIGH-EWS demonstrates promising application prospects for early warning of geological disasters and corresponding design strategies that can potentially guide the designs of next-generation geological hazard alarm systems.