Effects of Various Nectar and Pollen Plants on the Survival, Reproduction, and Predation of Neoseiulus bicaudus .

Neoseiulus bicaudus is a predatory mite species that could potentially be used for the biological control of spider mites and thrips. Floral resources can provide excellent habitats and abundant nutrients for natural enemies. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of eight floral resources on the longevity, fecundity, and predation ability of N. bicaudus . Among the considered plants, Cnidium monnieri led to the highest longevity (24 days) and fecundity (13.8 eggs) of N. bicaudus , while Tagetes erecta resulted in the lowest longevity (7 days) and fecundity (0.1 eggs) observed in the predatory mites. By comparing the effects of three nectar and pollen plants on the predation of predatory mites, it was observed that N. bicaudus still exhibited a type II functional response to Tetranychus turkestani . In the presence of pollen, the predation efficacy ( a / T h ) of N. bicaudus exhibited a lower value, compared to that in the absence of pollen (Control: a / T h = 24.00). When pollen was supplied, the maximum consumption (1/ T h ) of predatory mites was higher than in its absence (Control: 1/ T h = 9.90 d -1 ), with the highest value obtained in the presence of B. officinalis pollen ( B. officinalis : 1/ T h = 17.86 d -1 ). The influence coefficient of predation of N. bicaudus on T. turkestani in the presence of pollen was compared in the presence of three nectar and pollen plants: Cnidium monnieri , Centaurea cyanus , and Borago officinalis . At low prey densities, the influence coefficient of C. cyanus exceeded that of B. officinalis , and the overall influence coefficient values were negative (i.e., the presence of pollen reduced predatory mite feeding on T. turkestani ). They exhibited similar values at high prey densities, and all of the influence coefficient values were close to 0 (i.e., the presence of pollen had no effect on predatory mite feeding on T. turkestani ). The findings revealed that diverse plant species exert differential impacts on N. bicaudus , with some influencing its lifespan and others affecting its reproductive capabilities. Furthermore, the presence of nectar and pollen plants had a significant impact on predatory mite feeding on T. turkestani at low prey densities; however, this effect diminished as the prey density increased. Therefore, we recommend planting C. monnieri , C. cyanus , and B. officinalis in the field to ensure an ample population of predatory mites. The obtained results hold significant implications for the utilization of nectar and pollen plants in eco-friendly pest management strategies within agricultural contexts.