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Smoking from a Younger Age Is the Dominant Factor in the Incidence of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Case-Control Study.

Winda SafitriSanti MartiniKurnia Dwi ArtantiChung-Yi Li
Published in: International journal of environmental research and public health (2021)
There are three factors of smoking behavior that influence COPD: smoking habit, initial smoking age and smoking duration. Of all factors, forming a smoking habit at the age of <15 years old has the biggest risk (OR = 12; CI = 1346-106,950).
Keyphrases
  • smoking cessation
  • chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  • lung function
  • air pollution