The influence of tears on older and younger adults' perceptions of sadness.

Prior studies have shown that older adults perceive sadness differently relative to younger adults. However, the stimuli used to test older adults' perceptions of sadness have been limited by the fact that they have not included emotional tears-a salient emotional cue that has previously been shown to enhance perceptions of sadness in younger adults. This study reports three experiments that test whether the presence of tears differentially affects older and younger adults' perceptions of sadness. Experiment 1 was a laboratory-based experiment and also assessed facial mimicry responses using electromyography (EMG). Experiments 2 and 3 were conducted online. Across all three experiments, participants rated faces as showing greater sadness when tears were present compared to absent, and most critically, participant age did not moderate this effect-young and older adults responded equivalently to the presence of tears. Another finding to emerge across all experiments was that older faces were consistently rated as showing more sadness than younger faces, suggesting that there may be a bias toward attributing more sadness to people in older age. The facial EMG data showed that both age groups exhibited greater frowning (relative to smiling) responses when viewing the sad faces, but this effect was not moderated by the presence of tears. Taken together, the data from these three experiments show stability in terms of how younger and older adults respond to the presence of tears; in both age groups, behavioral responses to sadness are equivalently enhanced. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).