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Taming Glioblastoma in "Real Time": Integrating Multimodal Advanced Neuroimaging/AI Tools Towards Creating a Robust and Therapy Agnostic Model for Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology.

Laiz Laura de GodoySeung-Cheol LeeSteven BremSuyash Mohan
Published in: Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research (2023)
The highly aggressive nature of glioblastoma carries a dismal prognosis despite aggressive multimodal therapy. Alternative treatment regimens, such as immunotherapies, are known to intensify the inflammatory response in the treatment field. Follow-up imaging in these scenarios often mimics disease progression on conventional MRI, making accurate evaluation extremely challenging. To this end, revised criteria for assessment of treatment response in high-grade gliomas were successfully proposed by the RANO Working Group to distinguish pseudoprogression from true progression, with intrinsic constraints related to the postcontrast T1-weighted MRI sequence. To address these existing limitations, our group proposes a more objective and quantifiable "treatment agnostic" model, integrating into the RANO criteria advanced multimodal neuroimaging techniques, such as diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), dynamic susceptibility contrast-perfusion weighted imaging (DSC-PWI), dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE)-MRI, MR spectroscopy, and amino acid-based positron emission tomography (PET) imaging tracers, along with artificial intelligence (AI) tools (radiomics, radiogenomics, and radiopathomics) and molecular information to address this complex issue of treatment-related changes versus tumor progression in "real-time", particularly in the early posttreatment window. Our perspective delineates the potential of incorporating multimodal neuroimaging techniques to improve consistency and automation for the assessment of early treatment response in neuro-oncology.
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