Recent advances in micro- and nanomaterial-based adsorbents for pipette-tip solid-phase extraction.

There are a lot of review papers of sample pretreatment, but the comprehensive review on pipette-tip solid-phase extraction (PT-SPE) is lacking. This review (133 references) is mainly devoted to the development of different types of micro- and nanosorbent-based PT-SPE, including silica materials, carbon materials, organic polymers, molecularly imprinted polymers, and metal-organic frameworks. Each section mainly introduces and discusses the preparation methods, advantages and limitations of adsorbents, and their applications to environmental, biological, and food samples. This review also demonstrates the advantages of PT-SPE like convenience, speed, less organic solvent, and low cost. Finally, the future application and development trend of PT-SPE are prospected.