Widespread haemorrhages in infants post-shunting (WHIPS): clinical features, risk factors and neuroimaging characteristics of a rare and under-recognised phenomenon.

WHIPS represent a rare and under-recognised complication of CSF shunting unique to the infantile population. We postulate deep and superficial medullary venous haemorrhage as an underlying mechanism related to disordered intracranial hydrodynamics which are exacerbated in the infantile population due to underdeveloped arachnoid granulations and a compliant skull.