Striking developmental convergence in angiosperm endoparasites.

Our results illuminate two distinct developmental trajectories in endoparasites. One involves the retention of embryonic characteristics and late connection with host vessels, as demonstrated in species of Apodanthaceae, Cytinaceae, Mitrastemonaceae, and Rafflesiaceae. The second involves tissue specialization and early connection with host xylem, as exemplified by Santalaceae species. These differences are hypothesized to be related to the absence/presence of photosynthesis in these plants.