Combatting antifungal resistance: paradigm shift in the diagnosis and management of onychomycosis and dermatomycosis.

Antifungal resistance has become prevalent worldwide. Understanding the factors involved in spread of resistance allows the formulation of strategies to slow resistance development and likewise identify solutions for the treatment of highly recalcitrant fungal infections. To investigate the recent explosion of resistant strains, a literature review was performed focusing on four main areas: mechanisms of resistance to antifungal agents, diagnosis of superficial fungal infections, management, and stewardship. The use of traditional diagnostic tools such as culture, KOH analysis and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values on treatment were investigated and compared to the newer techniques such as molecular methods including whole genome sequencing, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The management of terbinafine-resistant strains is discussed. We have emphasized the need for antifungal stewardship including increasing surveillance for resistant infection.