Plant and insect virus-like particles: Emerging nanoparticles for agricultural pest management.

Virus-like particles (VLPs) represent a biodegradable, biocompatible nanomaterial made from viral coat proteins that can improve the delivery of antigens, drugs, nucleic acids, and other substances, with most applications in human and veterinary medicine. Regarding agricultural viruses, many insect and plant virus coat proteins have been demonstrated to assemble into VLPs accurately. In addition, some plant virus-based VLPs have been used in medical studies. However, to our knowledge, the potential application of plant/insect virus-based VLPs in agriculture remains largely underexplored. This review focuses on why and how to engineer coat proteins of plant/insect viruses as functionalized VLPs, and how to exploit VLPs in agricultural pest control. The first part describes four different engineering strategies for loading cargo at the inner or the outer surface of VLPs depending on the type of cargo and purposes. Second, the literature on plant and insect viruses of which coat proteins have been confirmed to self-assemble into VLPs is reviewed. These VLPs offer good candidates for developing VLP-based agricultural pest control strategies. Lastly, the concepts of plant/insect virus-based VLPs for delivering insecticidal and antiviral components (e.g., dsRNA, peptides, and chemicals) are discussed, which provides the future prospects of VLP applications in agricultural pest control. In addition, some concerns are raised about VLP production at a large-scale level and short-term resistance of hosts to VLP uptake. Overall, this review is expected to stimulate interest and research into exploring plant/insect virus-based VLP applications in agricultural pest management. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.