Bubble CPAP respiratory support devices for infants in low-resource settings.

Approximately 46% of the 5.2 million annual under-5 deaths derive from neonatal conditions commonly associated with hypoxaemia or acute respiratory distress. It has been estimated that 98% of these deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Effective implementation of non-invasive respiratory support at all levels of healthcare could significantly reduce neonatal mortality. Several factors limit the widespread and effective implementation of non-invasive respiratory support in LMICs, including inadequate infrastructure, lack of proper instrumentation, shortage of skilled staff, costly disposables and difficulties in the supply of consumables and spare parts. The aim of this state of the art paper is to provide a detailed evaluation of the commercially available devices providing non-invasive respiratory support in LMICs, focusing on bubble CPAP (bCPAP). bCPAP might be administrated using a variety of different commercial devices, including devices specifically designed for LMICs, as well as using self-made systems. We described all the equipment required for safe and effective implementation of bCPAP, including air and oxygen sourced, pressure-reducing valves and flowmeters, air-oxygen blending systems, humidifiers, respiratory support devices, patient circuits, and airway interfaces. Specifically, we critically evaluated the advantages and disadvantages of various existing solutions within the context of low-resource settings. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.