In Vivo-In Vitro Comparative Toxicology of Cadmium Sulphide Quantum Dots in the Model Organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

The aim of this work was to use the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a tool for toxicogenomic studies of Engineered Nanomaterials (ENMs) risk assessment, in particular focusing on cadmium based quantum dots (CdS QDs). This model has been exploited for its peculiar features: a short replication time, growth on both fermentable and oxidizable carbon sources, and for the contextual availability of genome wide information in the form of genetic maps, DNA microarray, and collections of barcoded mutants. The comparison of the whole genome analysis with the microarray experiments (99.9% coverage) and with the phenotypic analysis of 4688 barcoded haploid mutants (80.2% coverage), shed light on the genes involved in the response to CdS QDs, both in vivo and in vitro. The results have clarified the mechanisms involved in the exposure to CdS QDs, and whether these ENMs and Cd2+ exploited different pathways of response, in particular related to oxidative stress and to the maintenance of mitochondrial integrity and function. Saccharomyces cerevisiae remains a versatile and robust alternative for organismal toxicological studies, with a high level of heuristic insights into the toxicology of more complex eukaryotes, including mammals.