Recent Pharmacological Options in Type 2 Diabetes and Synergic Mechanism in Cardiovascular Disease.
Aikaterini AndreadiSaverio MuscoliRojin TajmirMarco MeloniCarolina MuscoliSara IlariVincenzo MollaceDavid Della MorteAlfonso BelliaNicola Di DanieleManfredi TesauroDavide LauroPublished in: International journal of molecular sciences (2023)
Diabetes Mellitus is a multifactorial disease with a critical impact worldwide. During prediabetes, the presence of various inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress will lead to the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, insulin resistance and chronic hyperglycemia will lead to micro- and macrovascular complications (cardiovascular disease, heart failure, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, and atherosclerosis). The development through the years of pharmacological options allowed us to reduce the persistence of chronic hyperglycemia and reduce diabetic complications. This review aims to highlight the specific mechanisms with which the new treatments for type 2 diabetes reduce oxidative stress and insulin resistance and improve cardiovascular outcomes.
Keyphrases
- type diabetes
- cardiovascular disease
- insulin resistance
- oxidative stress
- glycemic control
- diabetic rats
- heart failure
- chronic kidney disease
- high fat diet
- risk factors
- dna damage
- blood pressure
- adipose tissue
- metabolic syndrome
- high fat diet induced
- skeletal muscle
- induced apoptosis
- cardiovascular events
- cardiovascular risk factors
- ischemia reperfusion injury
- left ventricular
- atrial fibrillation
- coronary artery disease