COVID-19 immunopathology with emphasis on Th17 response and cell-based immunomodulation therapy: Potential targets and challenges.
Arash PourgholaminejadSaghar PahlavanneshanMohsen BasiriPublished in: Scandinavian journal of immunology (2022)
The role of the immune system against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is unknown in many aspects, and the protective or pathologic mechanisms of the immune response are poorly understood. Pro-inflammatory cytokine release and a consequent cytokine storm can lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and result in multi-organ failure. There are many T cell subsets during anti-viral immunity. The Th17-associated response, as a pro-inflammatory pathway, and its consequent outcomes in many autoimmune disorders play a fundamental role in progression of systemic hyper-inflammation during COVID-19. Therapeutic strategies based on immunomodulation therapy could be helpful for targeting hyper-inflammatory immune responses in COVID-19, especially Th17-related inflammation and hyper-cytokinemia. Cell-based immunotherapeutic approaches including mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), tolerogenic dendritic cells (tolDCs) and regulatory T cells (Tregs) seem to be promising strategies as orchestrators of the immune response against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In this review, we highlight Th17-related immunopathology of SARS-CoV-2 infection and discuss cell-based immunomodulatory strategies and their mechanisms for regulation of the hyper-inflammation during COVID-19.
Keyphrases
- sars cov
- respiratory syndrome coronavirus
- coronavirus disease
- dendritic cells
- immune response
- regulatory t cells
- acute respiratory distress syndrome
- mesenchymal stem cells
- oxidative stress
- cell therapy
- extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
- single cell
- mechanical ventilation
- intensive care unit
- toll like receptor
- type diabetes
- bone marrow
- metabolic syndrome
- human health
- smoking cessation
- glycemic control
- radiation therapy
- skeletal muscle