Cold-induced injuries are a major challenge for burn surgeons, leading to significant sequelae for the patients including amputations, long-term disability, and death. Rapid assessment and diagnosis are essential for optimal outcomes. Various therapies have emerged to improve outcomes. Topical, oral, and intravenous agents have shown to minimize the impact of cold-induced injuries. Thrombolytics have shown the greatest promise in improving tissue perfusion outcomes in cold-induced injuries. This article provides an update on the evidence-based assessment and management of cold-induced injuries, as well as reviews outcomes and future directions of this challenging pathology.
Keyphrases
- high glucose
- diabetic rats
- drug induced
- type diabetes
- multiple sclerosis
- machine learning
- systematic review
- oxidative stress
- computed tomography
- newly diagnosed
- end stage renal disease
- high dose
- low dose
- prognostic factors
- ejection fraction
- skeletal muscle
- artificial intelligence
- stress induced
- patient reported
- glycemic control
- clinical evaluation