Scanning Probe Microscopy Techniques for Studying the Cell Glycocalyx.
Dmitry V KolesovAnna AstakhovaMaria GaldobinaAlexey MoskovtsevAslan KubatievAlisa A SokolovskayaLeonid UkrainskiySergey MorozovPublished in: Cells (2023)
The glycocalyx is a brush-like layer that covers the surfaces of the membranes of most cell types. It consists of a mixture of carbohydrates, mainly glycoproteins and proteoglycans. Due to its structure and sensitivity to environmental conditions, it represents a complicated object to investigate. Here, we review studies of the glycocalyx conducted using scanning probe microscopy approaches. This includes imaging techniques as well as the measurement of nanomechanical properties. The nanomechanics of the glycocalyx is particularly important since it is widely present on the surfaces of mechanosensitive cells such as endothelial cells. An overview of problems with the interpretation of indirect data via the use of analytical models is presented. Special insight is given into changes in glycocalyx properties during pathological processes. The biological background and alternative research methods are briefly covered.
Keyphrases
- high resolution
- endothelial cells
- single cell
- single molecule
- cell therapy
- induced apoptosis
- high speed
- high throughput
- optical coherence tomography
- living cells
- quantum dots
- biofilm formation
- cell cycle arrest
- electron microscopy
- atomic force microscopy
- escherichia coli
- electronic health record
- pseudomonas aeruginosa
- cystic fibrosis
- big data
- climate change
- cell death
- life cycle