Examination of the horizontal gene transfer dynamics of an integrative and conjugative element encoding multidrug resistance in Histophilus somni .

Integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs) are self-transferable mobile genetic elements that play a significant role in disseminating antimicrobial resistance between bacteria via horizontal gene transfer. A recently identified ICE in a clinical isolate of Histophilus somni ( ICEHs02 ) is 72 914 base pairs in length and harbours seven predicted antimicrobial resistance genes conferring resistance to tetracycline ( tetR-tet(H) ), florfenicol ( floR ), sulfonamide ( Sul2 ), aminoglycosides ( APH(3″)-Ib, APH(6)-Id, APH(3')-Ia ), and copper ( mco ). This study investigated  ICEHs02 host range, assessed effects of antimicrobial stressors on transfer frequency, and examined effects of ICEHs02 acquisition on hosts. Conjugation assays examined transfer frequency of  ICEHs02  to H. somni and  Pasteurella multocida strains. Polymerase chain reaction assays confirmed the presence of a circular intermediate, ICE-associated core genes, and cargo genes in recipient strains. Susceptibility testing examined  ICEHs02 -associated resistance phenotypes in recipient strains. Tetracycline and ciprofloxacin induction significantly increased the transfer rates of  ICEHs02 in vitro. The copy numbers of the circular intermediate of ICEHs02 per chromosome exhibited significant increases of ∼37-fold after tetracycline exposure and ∼4-fold after ciprofloxacin treatment. The acquisition of ICEHs02 reduced the relative fitness of H. somni transconjugants (TG) by 28% ( w  = 0.72 ± 0.04) and the relative fitness of P. multocida TG was decreased by 15% ( w  = 0.85 ± 0.01).