Cytokine responses to various larval stages of equine strongyles and modulatory effects of the adjuvant G3 in vitro.

The L4 stage of S. vulgaris generated a cytokine profile different from that induced by the earlier L3 stage of S. vulgaris and cyathostomins. This diversity depending on the life cycle stage will have implications for the choice of antigen and adjuvant in future vaccine design.