Effects of Adjusting for Instrumental Variables on the Bias and Precision of Propensity Score Weighted Estimators: Analysis Under Complete, Near, and No Positivity Violations.
Byeong Yeob ChoiM Alan BrookhartPublished in: Clinical epidemiology (2023)
Using a binary IV with monotonicity as a covariate for the PS model makes the estimated PSs unnecessarily extreme, reducing the accuracy of the PS weighted estimators.