Maternal exposure to ambient cadmium levels, maternal smoking during pregnancy, and congenital diaphragmatic hernia.
Rema RamakrishnanAmy L StuartJason L SalemiHenian ChenKathleen O'RourkeRussell S KirbyPublished in: Birth defects research (2019)
Additional research is needed to elucidate the mechanism by which maternal ambient cadmium exposure may increase the risk of CDH in offspring, and the extent to which maternal smoking during pregnancy modifies this association.