Engineered Nanoprobes for Immune Activation Monitoring.
Mengli ZhouShuang LiangDan LiuKongshuo MaYuxuan PengZhaohui WangPublished in: ACS nano (2022)
The activation of the immune system is critical for cancer immunotherapy and treatments of inflammatory diseases. Non-invasive visualization of immunoactivation is designed to monitor the dynamic nature of the immune response and facilitate the assessment of therapeutic outcomes, which, however, remains challenging. Conventional imaging modalities, such as positron emission tomography, computed tomography, etc. , were utilized for imaging immune-related biomarkers. To explore the dynamic immune monitoring, probes with signals correlated to biomarkers of immune activation or prognosis are urgently needed. These emerging molecular probes, which turn on the signal only in the presence of the intended biomarker, can improve the detection specificity. These probes with "turn on" signals enable non-invasive, dynamic, and real-time imaging with high sensitivity and efficiency, showing significance for multifunctionality/multimodality imaging. As a result, more and more innovative engineered nanoprobes combined with diverse imaging modalities were developed to assess the activation of the immune system. In this work, we comprehensively review the recent and emerging advances in engineered nanoprobes for monitoring immune activation in cancer or other immune-mediated inflammatory diseases and discuss the potential in predicting the efficacy following treatments. Research on real-time in vivo immunoimaging is still under exploration, and this review can provide guidance and facilitate the development and application of next-generation imaging technologies.
Keyphrases
- computed tomography
- fluorescence imaging
- high resolution
- positron emission tomography
- immune response
- small molecule
- living cells
- oxidative stress
- single molecule
- risk assessment
- magnetic resonance imaging
- adipose tissue
- metabolic syndrome
- type diabetes
- insulin resistance
- mass spectrometry
- young adults
- inflammatory response
- pet ct
- dendritic cells
- pet imaging
- sensitive detection
- papillary thyroid
- clinical evaluation