Robust acceleration of Earth system heating observed over the past six decades.

Global heating of the Earth system is unequivocal. However, detecting an acceleration of Earth heating has remained elusive to date, despite suggestive evidence of a potential increase in heating rates. In this study, we demonstrate that since 1960, the warming of the world ocean has accelerated at a relatively consistent pace of 0.15 ± 0.05 (W/m 2 )/decade, while the land, cryosphere, and atmosphere have exhibited an accelerated pace of 0.013 ± 0.003 (W/m 2 )/decade. This has led to a substantial increase in ocean warming, with a magnitude of 0.91 ± 0.80 W/m 2 between the decades 1960-1970 and 2010-2020, which overlies substantial decadal-scale variability in ocean warming of up to 0.6 W/m 2 . Our findings withstand a wide range of sensitivity analyses and are consistent across different observation-based datasets. The long-term acceleration of Earth warming aligns qualitatively with the rise in CO 2 concentrations and the decline in aerosol concentration during the same period, but further investigations are necessary to properly attribute these changes.