Single-year radiocarbon dating anchors Viking Age trade cycles in time.

Recent discoveries of rapid changes in the atmospheric 14 C concentration linked to solar particle events have spurred the construction of new radiocarbon annual calibration datasets 1-13 . With these datasets, radiocarbon dating becomes relevant for urban sites, which require dates at higher resolution than previous calibration datasets could offer. Here we use a single-year radiocarbon calibration curve to anchor the archaeological stratigraphy of a Viking Age trade centre in time. We present absolutely dated evidence for artefact finds charting the expansion of long-distance trade from as far away as Arctic Norway and the Middle East, which we linked to the beginning of the Viking Age at AD 790 ± 10. The methods developed here enable human interactions and cultural, climatic and environmental changes to be compared in archaeological stratigraphies worldwide.