Proanthocyanidin surface preconditioning of dental pulp stem cell spheroids enhances dimensional stability and biomineralization in vitro.

PA surface preconditioning of DPSCs spheroids demonstrates excellent biocompatibility while effectively enhancing tissue structure stability and promoting biomineralization. This strategy strengthens tissue integrity in DPSC-derived spheroids and amplifies osteogenic differentiation potential, advancing scaffold-free tissue engineering applications in regenerative dentistry.