The Smoky Impact of Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors on Testicular Function.

Smoking habits (from classic cigarettes to e-cigarettes and heated tobacco) are a relatively common finding in the medical histories of couples referred to fertility centers. Tobacco smoke and e-cigarettes may deliver many substances with known harmful effects on both general and reproductive health, including nicotine. Nicotinic Acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) form a heterogeneous family of ion channels that are differently expressed in different tissues. According to the homomeric or heteromeric combination of at least five different subunits (named from α to ε), they have peculiar pharmacological and biophysical properties. nAChRs respond to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which influences a number of physiological functions not restricted to neurons and plays an important role in the structure and function of non-neuronal tissues such as the testis. nAChRs are also the target of Nicotine, the active element responsible for tobacco addiction. This review summarizes recent findings on the involvement of nAChRs in testicular physiology, highlighting the effects of nicotine exposure observed in animal studies and clinical settings. We will discuss the latest data on fertility outcomes and the implications for understanding nAChR functions in reproductive health.