Immunomodulator and calcineurin inhibitors on inflammatory bowel disease.

Immunomodulator (thiopurines) and calcineurin inhibitors (cyclosporine, tacrolimus) have been used in IBD treatment. Thiopurines such as azathioprine and 6-mercaptopur- ine are used in steroid refractory and steroid dependent UC patients. They are also concomitant used both in CD and UC with other drugs including anti-TNFa monoclonal Ab mainly as maintenance therapy. Calcineurin inhibitors, cyclosporine and tacrolimus, are used in moderate to severe refractory UC patients. Adverse effects of thiopruine include bone marrow suppression, liver dysfunction, hair loss, and infectious disease. Recently, it was reported that the risk of acute onset leukopenia in thioprine use is associated with NUDT 15 gene variant, especially in Asian population. Renal dysfunction and infectious disease (e. g. pneumocystis) should be concerned in the patientg treated with calcineurin inhibitors.