Causal effect of anxiety and depression status on the symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease and functional dyspepsia during proton pump inhibitor therapy.

Psychiatric bias was a risk factor for refractory GERD and FD. Anxiety and depression status reduced the therapeutic effect of PPIs on GERD and FD symptoms. Therefore, attention is required to detect the anxiety/depression status of patients with GERD/FD symptoms to treat patients appropriately and optimize therapeutic outcomes.