Vascular Calcification: Molecular Networking, Pathological Implications and Translational Opportunities.
Miguel Ángel OrtegaDiego De Leon-OlivaMaria José Gimeno-LongasDiego Liviu BoaruOscar Fraile-MartínezCielo Garcia-MonteroAmador Velazquez de CastroSilvestra Barrena-BlázquezLaura López-GonzálezSilvia AmorNatalio Garcia-HonduvillaJulia BujánLuis G GuijarroElisa Castillo-RuizMiguel Ángel Álvarez-MonAgustin AlbillosMelchor Alvarez De MonRaúl Díaz-PedreroMiguel A SáezPublished in: Biomolecules (2024)
Calcification is a process of accumulation of calcium in tissues and deposition of calcium salts by the crystallization of PO 4 3- and ionized calcium (Ca 2+ ). It is a crucial process in the development of bones and teeth. However, pathological calcification can occur in almost any soft tissue of the organism. The better studied is vascular calcification, where calcium salts can accumulate in the intima or medial layer or in aortic valves, and it is associated with higher mortality and cardiovascular events, including myocardial infarction, stroke, aortic and peripheral artery disease (PAD), and diabetes or chronic kidney disease (CKD), among others. The process involves an intricate interplay of different cellular components, endothelial cells (ECs), vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), fibroblasts, and pericytes, concurrent with the activation of several signaling pathways, calcium, Wnt, BMP/Smad, and Notch, and the regulation by different molecular mediators, growth factors (GFs), osteogenic factors and matrix vesicles (MVs). In the present review, we aim to explore the cellular players, molecular pathways, biomarkers, and clinical treatment strategies associated with vascular calcification to provide a current and comprehensive overview of the topic.
Keyphrases
- chronic kidney disease
- cardiovascular events
- end stage renal disease
- vascular smooth muscle cells
- aortic valve
- endothelial cells
- cardiovascular disease
- coronary artery disease
- left ventricular
- mesenchymal stem cells
- peripheral artery disease
- type diabetes
- soft tissue
- signaling pathway
- epithelial mesenchymal transition
- angiotensin ii
- cell proliferation
- gene expression
- bone marrow
- stem cells
- squamous cell carcinoma
- metabolic syndrome
- pulmonary hypertension
- pulmonary artery
- adipose tissue
- transcatheter aortic valve replacement
- cardiovascular risk factors
- endoplasmic reticulum stress
- transforming growth factor
- high glucose
- pi k akt
- visible light