Long-term nitrogen input reduces soil bacterial network complexity by shifts in life history strategy in temperate grassland.

We investigated soil bacterial and fungal communities, constructed co-occurrence networks, and estimated bacterial traits along a gradient of nitrogen (N) input. The results showed that soil bacterial co-occurrence networks complexity decreased with increasing N input. The ratio of negative to positive cohesion decreased with increasing N input, suggesting the declined competitive but strengthened cooperative interactions. However, soil fungal network complexity did not change under N enrichment. In addition, N input stimulated the copiotroph/oligotroph ratio, ribosomal RNA operon ( rrn ) copy number, and guanine-cytosine (GC) content of soil bacteria, shifting bacterial life history strategy toward copiotroph with increased r -/ K -strategy ratio. Piecewise structural equation modeling results further revealed that the reduction in bacterial co-occurrence network complexity was directly regulated by the increased bacterial r -/ K -strategy ratio, rather than reduced bacterial richness. Our study reveals the mechanisms through which microbial traits regulate interactions and shape co-occurrence networks under global changes.