Oxygen-Vacancy-Engineered W 18 O 49-x Nanobrush with a Suitable Band Structure for Highly Efficient Sonodynamic Therapy.

With the rapid development of external minimally invasive or noninvasive therapeutic modalities, ultrasound-based sonodynamic therapy (SDT) is a new alternative for treating deep tumors. However, inadequate sonosensitizer efficiency and poor biosecurity limit clinical applications. In this study, we prepared an oxygen-vacancy-engineered W 18 O 49-x nanobrush with a band gap of 2.79 eV for highly efficient SDT using a simple solvothermal method. The suitable band structures of the W 18 O 49-x nanobrush endows it with the potential to simultaneously produce singlet oxygen ( 1 O 2 ), superoxide anions (⋅O 2 - ), and hydroxyl radicals (⋅OH) under ultrasound irradiation. Additionally, abundant oxygen vacancies that serve as further charge traps that inhibit electron-hole recombination are incidentally introduced through one-step thermal reduction. Collectively, the in vitro and in vivo results demonstrate that the oxygen-vacancy-engineered W 18 O 49-x nanobrush delivers highly efficient reactive oxygen species (ROS) for SDT in a very biosafe manner. Overall, this study provides a new avenue for discovering and designing inorganic nanosonosensitizers with enhanced therapeutic efficiencies for use in SDT.