High solid-state photoluminescence quantum yield of carbon-dot-derived molecular fluorophores for light-emitting devices.

Several recent studies of carbon dots (CDs) synthesized by bottom-up methods under mild conditions have reported the presence of organic molecular fluorophores in CD dispersions. These fluorophores have a tendency to aggregate, and their properties strongly depend on whether they are present in the form of discrete molecules or aggregates. The aggregation becomes more prominent in the solid state, which motivates the study of the properties of the fluorophores associated with CDs in the solid state. Here, we report the solid-state characterization of N 4 , N 11 -dimethyldibenzo[ a , h ]phenazine-4,11-diamine (BPD) - a molecular fluorophore that forms CDs. Discrete BPD molecules show excitation-wavelength-independent photoluminescence (PL) emission in the green wavelength region at ∼520 nm. However, additional blue PL is also observed due to aggregation, making the PL emission significantly broad. For detailed studies, BPD is mixed in different solid matrices, and it is observed that the PL quantum yield (PLQY) of BPD films strongly depends on the concentration of BPD in the solid matrices. Increasing the concentration of BPD results in a considerable decrease in the PLQY. The PLQY of the films with an optimum concentration of BPD is 75.9% and 40.2% in polymethyl methacrylate and polystyrene, respectively. At higher concentrations, these PLQY values decrease to ∼11%. The significant decrease in the PLQY is ascribed to reabsorption and nonradiative exciton decay that is facilitated by BPD aggregation at higher concentrations. Finally, light-emitting devices (LEDs) were fabricated with almost pure white emission color, having CIE (International Commission on Illumination) coordinates of (0.35, 0.37) using BPD in the color-converting layer of blue-pumped LEDs. The device shows a luminous efficiency 3.8 lm W -1 and luminance of 43 331 cd m -2 .