Analgesic and Sedative Effects of Epidural Lidocaine-Xylazine in Elective Bilateral Laparoscopic Ovariectomy in Standing Mule Mares.
Cecilia VulloAdolfo Maria TambellaMarina C T MeligranaGiuseppe CatonePublished in: Animals : an open access journal from MDPI (2021)
The purpose of this study was to determine the analgesic efficacy and safety of epidural lidocaine-xylazine administration in standing mules undergoing elective bilateral laparoscopic ovariectomy in order to suppress unwanted behaviour. Eight mule mares were sedated with intramuscular 0.05 mg/kg acepromazine followed by 1.3 mg/kg of xylazine and 0.02 mg/kg of butorphanol intravenously. Sedation was maintained by a constant rate infusion of 0.6 mg/kg/h of xylazine. The paralumbar fossae were infiltrated with 30 mL of 2% lidocaine. Epidural anaesthesia was performed at the first intercoccygeal space with 0.2 mg/kg of lidocaine and 0.17 mg/kg of xylazine. After 15 min, bilateral laparoscopic ovariectomy was performed. Heart rate, respiratory rate, rectal temperature, invasive arterial blood pressure, degree of analgesia, sedation and ataxia were evaluated during surgery. The laparoscopic ovariectomy was successfully completed in all animals. Sedation and analgesia were considered satisfactory in six out of the eight mules. In conclusion, caudal epidural block allowed surgery to be easily completed in six out of eight. The animals did not show any signs of discomfort associated with nociception and were mostly calm during the procedures, however additional studies are needed to establish epidural doses of xylazine and lidocaine that result in reliable abdominal pain control in mules for standing ovariectomy.
Keyphrases
- heart rate
- spinal cord
- blood pressure
- robot assisted
- bone loss
- minimally invasive
- neuropathic pain
- heart rate variability
- abdominal pain
- coronary artery bypass
- mechanical ventilation
- pain management
- patients undergoing
- spinal cord injury
- case report
- early onset
- intensive care unit
- acute coronary syndrome
- percutaneous coronary intervention
- hypertensive patients
- low dose
- skeletal muscle
- blood glucose
- weight loss
- rectal cancer
- surgical site infection
- extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
- case control