Using the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale Form C to Investigate Health Beliefs About Bladder Cancer Prevention and Treatment Among Male Patients: Cross-Sectional Study.

This was the first study investigating beliefs about bladder cancer prevention and treatment among Chinese male patients. Given that bladder cancer represents a leading cause of death among Chinese male populations in recent years, the low self-efficacy cluster and associated contributing factors identified in this study can provide implications for clinical practice, health education, medical research, and health policy-making.