Opioid-Free Segmental Thoracic Spinal Anesthesia with Intrathecal Sedation for Breast and Axillary Surgery: Report of Four Cases.
Paolo VincenziMassimo StronatiPaolo IsidoriSalvatore IuorioDiletta GaudenziGianfranco BoccoliRoberto StarnariPublished in: Local and regional anesthesia (2022)
STSA with local anesthetic plus midazolam and ketamine might be considered a safe and effective alternative to GA, even in surgeries involving the breast and axillary region, particularly in elderly and frail patients. Larger prospective studies are required to validate these findings.
Keyphrases
- lymph node
- end stage renal disease
- spinal cord
- ejection fraction
- pain management
- neoadjuvant chemotherapy
- newly diagnosed
- minimally invasive
- sentinel lymph node
- chronic kidney disease
- chronic pain
- pet ct
- peritoneal dialysis
- prognostic factors
- spinal cord injury
- mechanical ventilation
- acute respiratory distress syndrome