Mapping annual 10-m maize cropland changes in China during 2017-2021.

China contributed nearly one-fifth of the world maize production over the past few years. Mapping the distributions of maize cropland in China is crucial to ensure global food security. Nonetheless, 10 m maize cropland maps in China are still unavailable, restricting the promotion of sustainable agriculture. In this paper, we collect numerous samples to produce annual 10-m maize cropland maps in China from 2017 to 2021 with a machine learning based classification framework. To overcome the temporal variations of plants, the proposed framework takes Sentinel-2 sequence images as input and utilizes deep neural networks and random forest as classifiers to map maize in a zone-specific way. The generated maps have an overall accuracy (OA) spanning from 0.87 to 0.95 and the maize-cultivated areas estimated by the maps are highly consistent with the records in statistical yearbooks (R 2 varying from 0.83 to 0.95). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first annual 10-m maize maps across China, which largely facilitates the sustainable agriculture development in China dominated by smallholder farmlands.