Innovation in Cross-Linking Mass Spectrometry Workflows: Toward a Comprehensive, Flexible, and Customizable Data Analysis Platform.

Cross-linking mass spectrometry (XL-MS) is widely used in the analysis of protein structure and protein-protein interactions (PPIs). Throughout the entire workflow, the utilization of cross-linkers and the interpretation of cross-linking data are the core steps. In recent years, the development of cross-linkers and analytical software mostly follow up on the classical models of non-cleavable cross-linkers such as BS3/DSS and MS-cleavable cross-linkers such as DSSO. Although such a paradigm promotes the maturity and robustness of the XL-MS field, it confines the innovation and flexibility of new cross-linkers and analytical software. This critical insight will discuss the classification, advantages, and disadvantages of existing data analysis search engines. Take the new platinum-based metal cross-linker as an example, potential pitfalls in characterization of cross-linked peptides using existing software are discussed. Finally, ideas on developing more flexible, comprehensive, and user-friendly cross-linkers and software tools are proposed.